Jonathan Swift
(1667-1745)

The Reverend Doctor J. Switft

Jonathan Swift — pseudonyms: Isaac Bickerstaff, A Dissenter, A Person of Qauality, A Person of Honour, M. B. Drapier, T.R.D.J.S.D.O.P.I.I. (The Reverend Doctor Jonathan Switft, Dean of Partick's in Ireland)

Irish author and journalist, dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral (Dublin) from 1713, the foremost prose satirist in English language. Swift became insane in his last years, but until his death he was known as Dublin's foremost citizen. Among Swift's best known works is Gulliver's Travels (1726), where the stories of Gulliver's experiences among dwarfs and giants are best known. Swift gave to these journeys an air of authenticity and realism and many contemporary readers believed them to be true.

‘They look upon fraud as a greater crime than theft, and therefore seldom fail to punish it with death; for they alledge, that care and vigilante, with a very common understanding, may preserve a man's goods from thieves; but honesty hat no fence against superior cunning: and since it is necessary that there should be a perpetual intercourse of buying and selling, and dealing upon credit; where fraud is permitted or connived at, or hath no Law to punish it, the honest dealer is always undone and the knave gets the advantage.’ (from Gulliver's Travels: ‘A Voyage to Lilliput’)

Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin. His father, Jonathan Swift Sr., a lawyer and an English civil servant, died seven month's before his son was born. Abigail Erick, Swift's mother, was left without private income to support her family. Swift was taken or ‘stolen’ to England by his nurse, and at the age of four he was sent back to Ireland. Swift's mother returned to England, and she left her son to her wealthy brother-in-law, Uncle Godwin. Swift studied at Kilkenny Grammar School (1674-82), Trinity College in Dublin (1682-89), receiving his B.A. in 1868 and M.A. in 1692. At school Swift was not a very good good student and his teachers noted his headstrong behavior. When the anti-Catholic Revolution of the year 1688 aroused reaction in Ireland, Swift moved to England to the household of Sir William Temple at Moor Park, Surrey — Lady Temple was a relative of Swift's mother. He worked there as a secretary (1689-95, 1696-99), but did not like his position as a servant in the household. In 1695 he was ordained in the Church of Ireland (Anglican), Dublin. In Moor Park Swift also was the teacher of a young girl, Esther Johnson. He called her Stella and when she grew up she become an important person in his life. Stella moved to Ireland to live near him and followed him on his travels to London. Their relatioship was a constant source of gossips. According to some speculations, they were married in 1716. Stella died in 1728 and Swift kept a lock of her hair among his papers for the rest of his life.

‘As the common forms of good manners were intended for regulating the conduct of those who have weak understandings; so they have been corrupted by the persons for whose use they were contrived. For these people have fallen into a needless and endless way of multiplying ceremonies, which have been extremely troublesome to those who practice them, and insupportable to everyone else: insomuch that wise men are often more uneasy at the over civility of these refiners, than they could possibly be in the conversations of peasants or mechanics.’ (from ‘A Treatise on Good Manners and Good Breeding’, 1754)

After William Temple's death in 1699, Swift returned to Ireland. He made several trips to London and gained fame with his essays. Throughout the reign of Queen Anne (1702-14), Swift was one of the central characters in the literary and political life of London. From 1695 to 1696 Swift was the vicar of Kilroot, Laracor from 1700, and prebendary of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin (1701). In Kilroot Swift met Jane Wairing, with whom he had an affair. For Swift's disappointment, she did not consider him a suitable marriage partner. Between the years 1707 and 1709 he was an emissary for the Irish clergy in London. Swift contributed to the ‘Bickerstaff Papers’ and to the Tattler in 1708-09. He was a cofounder of the Scriblerus Club, which included such member as Pope, Gay, Congreve, and Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford.

In 1710 Swift tried to open a political career among Whigs but changed his party and took over the Tory journal The Examiner. With the accession of George I, the Tories lost political power. Swift withdrew to Ireland. Esther Vanhomrigh, whom Swift had met in 1708, and whom he had tutored, followed him to Ireland after her mother had died. She was 22 years younger than Swift, who nicknamed her Vanessa. In the poem ‘Cadenus and Vanessa’ from 1713 Swift wrote about the affair: ‘Each girl, when pleased with what is taught, / Will have the teacher in her thought.’ In 1723 Swift broke off the relationship. Ester had sent a letter to Stella, asking if she was married to him. Esther never recovered form his rejection. Swift's letters to her were published after her death.

From 1713 to 1742 Swift was the dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral. It is thought that Swift suffered from Mйniиre's disease or Alzheimer's disease. Many considered him insane — however, from the beginning of his twentieth year he had suffered from deafness. Swift had predicted his mental decay when he was about 50 and had remarked to the poet Edward Young when they were gazing at the withered crown of a tree: ‘I shall be like that tree, I shall die from the top.’ He died in Dublin on October 19, 1745. Swift left behind a great mass of poetry and prose, chiefly in the form of pamphlets. William Makepeace Thackeray once said of the author: ‘So great a man he seems to me, that thinking of him is like thinking of an empire falling.’

Swift's religious writing is little read today. His most famous works include THE BATTLE OF THE BOOKS (1697), exploring the merits of the ancients and the moderns in literature. The authors of renowned books take sides in the battle. Swift stated that ‘satire is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybody's face but their own.’ A TALE OF A TUB (1704) was a religious satire. It has at its core a simple narrative of a father who has triplets and, upon his death, leaves them each a coat which will grow with them. Although the book was published anonymously, it established Swift's reputation.

In ARGUMENTS AGAINST ABOLISHING CHRISTIANITY (1708) the narrator argues for the preservation of the Christian religion as a social necessity. When an ignorant cobbler named John Partridge published an almanac of astrological predictions, Swift parodied it in PREDICTION FOR THE ENSUING YEAR BY ISAAC BICKERSTAFF. He foretold the death of John Partridge on March, 1708, and affirmed on that day his prediction. Partridge protested that he was alive but Swift proved in his ‘Vindication’ that he was dead. DRAPIER'S LETTERS (1724) was against the monopoly granted by the English government to William Wood to provide the Irish with copper coinage. In A MODEST PROPOSAL (1729) the narrator with grotesque logic recommends, that Irish poverty can solved by the breeding up their infants as food for the rich. When the actor Peter O'Toole read it — for some reason — in the reopening of the Gaiety Theatre in Dublin in 1984, several members from the audience departed. Swift has been labelled as a hater of mankind. ‘Principally I hate and detest that animal called man; although I heartily love John, Peter, Thomas, and so forth, ‘ Swift wrote in a letter to Alexander Pope. However, Swift defended ordinary Irish people against England's economic oppression and he was known as a prankster. He also had a philanthropical side. As a churchman Swift had spent a third of his earnings on charities and he saved another third each year to found St. Patrick's Hospital for Imbeciles in 1757.

Selected works:

1. A TALE OF A TUB, 1704 — Tynnyritarina
2. THE BATTLE OF BOOKS, 1704
3. PREDICTIONS FOR THE ENSUING YEAR, 1708 (as Isaac Bickerstaff)
4. ARGUMENT AGAINST ABOLISHING CHRISTIANITY, 1711
5. JOURNAL TO STELLA, (written 1710-13, published 1766)
6. PROPOSAL FOR THE UNIVERSAL USE OF IRISH MANUFACTURE, 1720
7. DRAPIER'S LETTERS, 1724-25
8. A MODERS PROPOSAL, 1729
9. POLITE AND INGENIOUS CONVERSATION, 1738
10. VERSES ON THE DEATH OF DR SWIFT, 1739
11. THE WORKS, 1784 (17 vols., rev. 1812, 24 vols.)
12. WORKS, 1814 (19 vols., ed. by Sir Walter Scott)
13. PROSE WORKS, 1939-68 (14 vols.)
14. THE WRITINGS OF JONATHAN SWIFT, 1973
15. SWIFT'S IRISH PAMPHLETS, 1991 — suom. valikoima Irlantilaisia pamfletteja
16. THE INTELLIGENCER, 1992
17. A MODEST PROPOSAL AND OTHER SATIRES, 1995

Jonathan Swift on orwell.ru

George Orwell: Politics vs Literature: An examination of Gulliver's travels

https://orwell.ru/library/reviews/swift/ [L. m.: 2019-12-29]